Grammar notes

Modal verbs:

- Is a type of verb which denote not action but it can either indicate the relation of the speaker to words the action. They indicate the relation of the action to the reality + The relation of the speaker.

Possibility-can and may

Necessity-need, must, should, be (as a model), ought to and have to

Morphological characteristics

Modal verbs are defective (something, which is wrong)

They have:

o Tense

o Mood

 

Certainty 

LEVEL CONFIDENCE 

o Might-25% sure 

o May-50% sure 

o Could- 30-45% sure 

o Can-65-70% 

o Should-80% 

o Must-90% 

o Will-100%

 

Subjunctive mood: 

MOOD-relation to reality 

indicative(V any)

imperative(V1) 

subjunctive(Hypotheses, unreal) 

Subjunctive mood= Oblique mood 

Is hypothetic and problematic situations that are usually unreal. 

The usage of subjunctive mood in: 

SIMPLE SENTENCES:

•   To express wishes (Success attend you) To express wish w/analytical subjunctive with the mood "may" is also used May success attend you!

•   To express unreal wishes (If only he were my boyfriend!)

•    In oaths and imprecations: curse you!

•   (Suffice it to say that!

•    Impressions:(good for you, live long the queen)  

COMPLEX SENTENCES 

Subjunctive mood is used in conditional sentences to express an unreal conditions (in the subordinate clause) and unreal consequence (in the principle clause)

Verbs+Preposition 

When a verb is part of a longer sentence, it is often followed by a specific preposition.

She listens to the radio a lot.

He thanked me for the flowers.

Verbs with for

They're waiting for a bus.

He apologised for being late. 

I applied for the job but I didn't get it.

How do you ask for a coffee in Polish?

Verbs with from

Has he recovered from the accident yet?

She won an award because she savedsomeone from drowning.

I suffer from allergies.

Verbs with in

She doesn't believe in coincidences.

Our company specialises in computer software.

You have to work hard if you want to succeed in life.

Verbs with of

Our dog died of old age.

This shampoo smells of bananas

Verbs with on

Their decision will depend on the test results.

The film is based on the novel by Boris Pasternak.

If you make so much noise, I can't concentrate on my work.

Come on! We're relying on you!

Verbs with to

What kind of music do you like listening to?

Can I introduce you to my grandfather?

Please refer to the notes at the end for more information.

Nobody responded to my complaint.

She apologised to me the next day.

Verbs with with

I agree with everything you've said.

My assistant will provide you with more information if you need it.

We're finding it difficult to deal with the stress.